![]() ![]() The exact causes and motivations for Rome's military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. ![]() Temple of Janus as seen in the present church of San Nicola in Carcere, in the Forum Holitorium of Rome, Italy, dedicated by Gaius Duilius after his naval victory against the Carthaginians at the Battle of Mylae in 260 BC. 3.3 Legion after the reforms of Gaius Marius (107–27 BC).2.5.1 Caesar's assassination and the Second Triumvirate.2.4.3 Pompey, Crassus and the Catilinarian Conspiracy.2.4 From the Gracchi to Caesar (133–49 BC).2.3 Supremacy of the New Nobility (287–133 BC).2.2 Conflict of the Orders (367–287 BC).1.3.6 Triumvirates and Caesarian ascension (53–30 BC).1.3.4 Conflicts with Mithridates (89–63 BC) and the Cilician pirates (67 BC).1.2.2 Kingdom of Macedonia, the Greek poleis, and Illyria (215–148 BC).1.1.3 Roman expansion into Italy (343–282 BC).Many of Rome's legal and legislative structures (later codified into the Justinian Code, and again into the Napoleonic Code) can still be observed throughout Europe and much of the world in modern nation states and international organizations. The leaders of the Republic developed a strong tradition and morality requiring public service and patronage in peace and war, making military and political success inextricably linked. Over time, the laws that gave patricians exclusive rights to Rome's highest offices were repealed or weakened, and leading plebeian families became full members of the aristocracy. As Roman society was very hierarchical by modern standards, the evolution of the Roman government was heavily influenced by the struggle between the patricians, Rome's land-holding aristocracy, who traced their ancestry to the founding of Rome, and the plebeians, the far more numerous citizen-commoners. Roman government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates. However, most use the same date as did the ancient Romans themselves, the Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian and his adopting the title Augustus in 27 BC, as the defining event ending the Republic. Historians have variously proposed Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BC, Caesar's appointment as dictator for life in 44 BC, and the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. The exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation. By this time, internal tensions led to a series of civil wars, culminating with the assassination of Julius Caesar, which led to the transition from republic to empire. Two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century BC, it included the rest of modern France, Greece, and much of the eastern Mediterranean. By the following century, it included North Africa, most of the Iberian Peninsula, and what is now southern France. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.ĭuring the first two centuries of its existence, the Roman Republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, from central Italy to the entire Italian peninsula. ![]() ![]() The Roman Republic ( Latin: Res publica Romana Classical Latin: ) was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. ![]()
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